While perfumers have been grumbling and the online perfume community has been howling for years about regulations and reformulations, the matter has seldom been addressed by the mainstream press.
Humphries’ investigation takes her from New York to Paris and Grasse, where she speaks to industry insiders such as IFF perfumers Clément Gavarry and Calice Becker as well as Regulatory Affairs VP Greg Adamson; Mane perfumer Ralph Schwieger and the researcher Cyril Rolland; Isabelle Doyen, Andy Tauer, Roja Dove and… myself.
Les parfumeurs râlent, la communauté web des amateurs de parfums hurle, mais la question des règlementations et des reformulations a rarement été abordée dans la presse « papier » (à l'exception des articles de Nicole Vulser dans Le Monde).
La correspondante scientifique du magazine américain Wired, Courtney Humphries, brise l’omerta avec Engineering Replacements for Essential Perfume Ingredients, une enquête truffée d’information publiée dans le numéro de novembre et accessible en ligne.
L’enquête de la journaliste l’a conduite de New York à Paris et Grasse, où elle a pu interviewer plusieurs acteurs de l’industrie, notamment les parfumeurs Calice Backer et Clément Gavarry chez IFF, Ralph Schwieger chez Mane, des spécialistes des affaires réglementaires et de la recherche sur les nouvelles molécules, ainsi qu’Isabelle Doyen, Andy Tauer, le grand-prêtre des parfums de Harrods’ Roja Dove et… moi-même.
J’ai d’ores et déjà placé un lien permanent à cet article, qui résume bien la situation, dans la colonne de droite de Grain de Musc. Si vous vous débrouillez en anglais, je vous engage vivement à le lire.
Chers lecteurs francophones, désolée de ne pas avoir traduit la note ci-dessous, mais vous comprendrez que s’agissant d’une traduction littéraire, fût-ce une auto-traduction, je n’aie pas envie de la bâcler.
Comme vous l’aurez sans doute compris, mon livre The Perfume Lover, A Personal History of Scent paraîtra en mars 2012 aux éditions britanniques HarperCollins. Il est d’ores et déjà disponible en précommande sur Amazon UK.
L’agence littéraire qui me représente, A.P. Watt, s’est rendue à la foire internationale du livre de Francfort et des pourparlers sont en cours pour diverses éditions à l’étranger. Bien entendu, dans le cas de l’édition française, j’en assurerai moi-même l’adaptation.
En attendant, juste un teaser, la traduction de la phrase d’accroche placée en couverture :
« Et si la plus belle nuit de votre vie devenait un parfum ? »
L’illustration ci-dessus est une sculpture polychrome allemande du 16ème siècle des collections du Louvre, qui représente sans doute Marie Madeleine, patronne des parfumeurs : j’ai tenu à ce qu’elle figure sur la couverture de mon livre…
As the press releases are now going out, it’s about time I made the official announcement. My book, The Perfume Lover, will be published by HarperCollins UK on March 15th, 2012. You can already pre-order it on Amazon (click for the link), so even if you don’t live in the UK, it’ll be easily available.
Meanwhile, because March is still a long time off, here’s an excerpt from the first pages. This is the story that starts it all...
I am in Seville, standing under a bitter orange tree in full bloom in the arms of Román, the black-clad Spanish boy who is not yet my lover. Since sundown, we’ve been watching the religious brotherhoods in their pointed caps and habits thread their way across the old Moorish town in the wake of gilded wood floats bearing statues of Christ and the Virgin Mary. This is the Madrugada, the longest night of Holy Week, and the whole city has poured into the streets: the processions will go on until the dawn sky is streaked with hunting swallows. In the tiny white-washed plaza in front of the church, wafts of lavender cologne rise from the tightly pressed bodies. As altar boys swing their censers, throat-stinging clouds of sizzling resins – humanity’s millennia-old message to the gods – cut through the fatty honeyed smell of the penitents’ beeswax candles.
Under the silver-embroidered velvet of her dais, the Madonna, crystal tears on her cheek, tilts her head towards the spicy white lilies and carnations tumbling from her float. She is being carried into the golden whorls of a baroque chapel, smoothly manoeuvred in and out, in and out, in and out – they say the bearers get erections as they do this – while Román’s hand runs down my black lace shift and up my thigh to tangle with my garter-belt straps. His breath on my neck smells of blond tobacco and the manzanilla wine we’ve been drinking all night – here in Seville, Holy Week is a pagan celebration: resurrection is a foregone conclusion and there is no need to mourn or repent. As the crowd shifts to catch a last sight of the float before the chapel doors shut behind it, the church exhales a cold old-stone gust. I am in the pulsing, molten-gold heart of Seville, thrust into her fragrant flesh, and there is no need for Román to take me to bed at dawn: he’s already given me the night.
The tiny, earthshaking thrill of a stolen kiss implies a transgression of personal or social boundaries; a fleeting taste of the forbidden. But it is volé part of the baiser that has fascinated me here: a purloined letter hidden in plain view, disclosing the imaginary genealogy of the new Cartier and its secret muse…
The name “Baiser Volé” creates a link with Cartier’s 2003 Le Baiser du Dragon. It may also have sprung from the idea that inspired Mathilde Laurent when she was composing the fragrance: armfuls of lilies rubbed against a woman’s skin – between des lys en brassées, “armfuls of lilies”, and des lys embrassés, “lilies embraced” or “kissed”, there is barely the distance of a sigh.
In France, the expression baisers volés immediately conjures the lyrics of Que reste-t-il de nos amours(known in English as I Wish You Love), performed for six decades by one of France’s most beloved entertainers, Charles Trenet. It is this song that provides both the credits music and the title of François Truffaut’s 1968 Baisers volés.
As I was channel-surfing one afternoon I stumbled on Stolen Kisses, in which Antoine Doinel, Truffaut’s alter ego played by Jean-Pierre Léaud, is hired by a detective agency to find out whether the glamorous and mysterious Fabienne Tabard (Delphine Seyrig) has a lover, as her husband suspects. Antoine falls in love with Mme Tabard, and sends his declaration in a telegram. The next day, she appears in his room: “You wrote to me yesterday, and the answer is… me.”
If you’ve taken four minutes to watch this scene, you might have been struck, as I was that afternoon, by the fact that Mme Tabard refers to the two main notes of Baiser Volé, lilies and cosmetics. The first reference pops up as she mentions Balzac’s The Lily of the Valley, the story of an impossible love between a very young man and a married woman, who is explicitly compared in the book to a lily, both for her candid virtue and for her fragrant, white-skinned, full-fleshed beauty... The only carnal contact between these two impossibly chaste lovers is a stolen kiss that lands on Mme de Mortsauf’s shoulders. Coincidentally, the supremely elegant, raspy-voiced Delphine Seyrig would go on to play Mme de Mortsauf in a made-for-TV adaptation of the Balzac novel.
Convinced that this key scene of Stolen Kisses was the secret inspiration for the fragrance, I resolved to ask Mathilde Laurent about it directly. She replied that though of course she’d seen the film, she didn’t remember that particular scene and that besides, the name Baiser Volé had been found quite late into the two-year development. However, she added, it just so happened that she had been thinking of Delphine Seyrig, but in her role as the flighty, coquette Lilac Fairy in Jacques Demy’s musical-comedy adaptation of Perrault’s fairy tale Donkeyskin.
Mathilde even wrote a fairy-tale-style poem for the launch to turn the fairy’s lilacs into lilies… So that in the end, it was indeed Delphine Seyrig who wove a fragrant thread binding Perrault, Balzac, Trenet and Truffaut to that armful of lilies.
But if Baiser Volé has Seyrig as its secret muse, the fragrance itself is not quite as sexily raspy as the cult French actress’s voice. Though it’s probably a ballsy move to launch a lily soliflore in the mainstream, Cartier shied away from the spectacular asperities of the flower.
The lily is a paradox: though its scent is indecently heady, it has come, in the Catholic culture, to symbolize not Mary Magdalene’s sexy adulteress but the Virgin Mary. Baiser Volé attempts to resolve this Virgin/Whore dichotomy by wrapping the lily in a lush, powdery rose-musk cosmetic accord, much like Seyrig’s well-bred French bourgeoise tucks her adulterous secrets and smouldering sensuality under an impeccable demeanour and a proper Chanel suit.
As a result, Baiser Volé could be defined by the excesses it will not admit to. Though it becomes rather peppery in the heart notes, it is neither overtly clove-y/spicy nor smoky/cresolic. It is extremely powerful and long-lasting, but not indolic, and not as heady as, say, Donna Karan Gold. It features vanilla, but plays neither on the cool, watery features of the pod like Hermessence Vanille Galante (which is in many ways a lily), nor on its sweet, balsamic effects like Serge Lutens Un Lys.
The lily itself is most prominent in the opening sequence, when galbanum infuses the scent with split-stem, cool-petal greenness. But the flowers in Baiser Volé have indeed been kissed and rubbed on skin, and some of Fabienne Tabard’s lipstick and powder have rubbed off on them in turn.
There is a true, arrestingly realistic lily aspiring to break out from Baiser Volé, just as Balzac’s and Truffaut’s sensuous upper-class heroines long to break out of their marriages. And like the social boundaries that keep them from straying past a stolen kiss, the mainstream codes keep Baiser Volé’s lily from blooming as fiercely as Mathilde Laurent’s talent and fearlessness could have led us to hope.
As it is, there’s enough vigour in Baiser Volé to make it a lovely, adult commercial proposition, and one that seems to attract male compliments. But I wouldn’t have minded it scrubbing off the makeup and stepping out of its evening gown to show its beauty in all its rawness. After all, “consider the lilies of the field, how they grow; they toil not, neither do they spin…”
Le minuscule séisme d’un baiser volé implique une transgression des limites intimes et sociales ; la cueillette fugace d’une saveur interdite. Mais dans ce baiser, c’est le vol que j’ai suivi des yeux : baiser volé comme on dit « lettre volée », c’est-à-dire tellement visible qu’elle en est cachée. Et ce que révèle cette lettre, c’est la généalogie imaginaire du nouveau parfum de Cartier ainsi que le nom de sa muse secrète…
Le nom Baiser Volé renvoie sans doute au Baiser du Dragon de 2003 ; il pourrait être né de l’idée qui a inspiré Mathilde Laurent durant la création, celle d’une brassée de lys frottée contre la peau d’une femme. Entre « des lys en brassées » et « des lys embrassés », il n’y a qu’un souffle.
Mais comment ne pas penser aussi au Que reste-t-il de nos amours de Charles Trenet – « Bonheur fané, cheveux au vent/ Baisers volés, rêves mouvants » -- et plus encore, au film de François Truffaut ?
En zappant un après-midi je suis tombée sur ce Baisers volés où Antoine Doinel (Jean-Pierre Léaud) est engagé par une agence de détectives pour espionner la belle et mystérieuse Fabienne Tabard (Delphine Seyrig), soupçonnée d’adultère par son mari marchand de chaussures. Antoine tombe amoureux de Mme Tabard et lui fait sa déclaration par télégramme. Le lendemain matin, elle fait son apparition dans la chambre de bonne du jeune homme. « Vous m'avez écrit hier et la réponse c'est... moi. »
Si vous avez pris quatre minutes pour regarder cette scène, vous aurez été frappé comme moi d’entendre au passage Mme Tabard faire référence aux deux notes principales de Baiser Volé, le lys et le maquillage. Plus précisément, elle parle du Lys dans la Vallée de Balzac, « une histoire lamentable » d’amour impossible entre un très jeune homme et une femme mariée qu’il compare au lys à la fois pour sa vertu candide et sa beauté opulente. Le seul contact des amants est d’ailleurs, justement, un baiser volé par Félix de Vandenesse aux épaules de Mme de Mortsauf lors de leur première rencontre… Delphine Seyrig allait d’ailleurs par la suite incarner Mme de Mortsauf dans un téléfilm de Marcel Cravenne.
Convaincue que cette scène-clé de Baisers Volés était l’inspiration secrète du parfum, j’ai carrément posé la question à Mathilde Laurent. Bien entendu, elle connaissait le film mais elle ne se rappelait pas cette scène et d’ailleurs, le nom du parfum n’avait été trouvé que vers la fin du processus de développement de deux ans. Et pourtant, le fantôme élégant de Delphine Seyrig errait bien entre les joyaux de Cartier puisque Mathilde avait songé à sa Fée des Lilas coquette et capricieuse dans le Peau d’âne de Jacques Demy…
Elle avait même écrit un poème-conte de fées pour le lancement, inspirée par la Fée des Lys. Ainsi, c’était bien Delphine Seyrig qui tirait sur le fil tenant Perrault, Balzac, Trenet et Truffaut étroitement embrassés à ces lys en brassées…
Mais le parfum n’est pas aussi rauque que la voix de sa muse clandestine. Sans doute est-ce déjà assez d’audace que de sortir un lys en soliflore dans le mainstream, car Cartier a esquivé les aspérités spectaculaires de la fleur.
Le lys est un paradoxe : malgré son indécence capiteuse, la religion catholique en a fait le symbole, non pas de la pécheresse Madeleine, mais de la Vierge Marie. Baiser Volé tente de résoudre cette tension entre péché et pureté en civilisant la fleur d’un accord cosmétique rosé-musqué, poudré, crémeux, un peu comme une Mme Tabard envelopperait ses écarts sensuels sous le respect des convenances et un impeccable tailleur Chanel.
Baiser Volé, d’une certaine manière, pourrait aussi être défini par ces excès qu’il refuse d’avouer. Assez poivré en cœur, il n’est ni aussi épicé/girofle, ni aussi fumé, ni aussi indolé que certains lys. Il est d’un volume extravagant et d’une ténacité sans faille, mais sans le capiteux d’un Gold de Donna Karan. Il joue sur la vanille comme tout lys qui se respecte, mais pas sur sa fraîcheur aqueuse comme le Vanille Galante de Jean-Claude Ellena (qui est aussi un lys), ni sur ses effets baumés comme Un Lys de Serge Lutens. Autrement dit, il se mesure.
L’effet lys est particulièrement prononcé en ouverture, lorsque le galbanum imprègne le parfum d’une verdeur de tige fendue et de pétales froids. Mais bien vite, les fleurs sont dévorées de baisers qui déposent poudre et rouge à lèvres sur leurs corolles.
Il y a bien un lys saisissant de réalisme qui perce à travers Baiser Volé, un peu comme les héroïnes de Balzac ou de Truffaut laissent percer leur sensualité dévorante sous le voile des convenances. Et comme les codes sociaux auxquels elles se soumettent par instinct de survie les empêchent de s’aventurer au-delà d’un baiser volé, les codes du mainstream retiennent Baiser Volé de s’épanouir en lys aussi extravagant que le talent et l’audace de Mathilde Laurent auraient pu le permettre.
Mais ce Baiser Volé est encore assez fougueux pour faire du parfum de Cartier une proposition élégante, sensuelle et adulte qui semble attirer les compliments masculins. Pour ma part, j’aurais voulu le démaquiller et lui arracher sa robe du soir pour montrer sa beauté dans toute sa crudité. Après tout, « Voyez les lys des champs, ils ne tissent ni ne filent, cependant Salomon, dans toute sa gloire ne fut jamais vêtu comme l'un d’eux.»
Does the back-story of a fragrance add to the emotion it conjures?
Say you’d lost the place where you grew up in such circumstances that you thought you’d never set foot there again, even if you could, because you couldn’t stand being there and not being home.
Now say you were a perfumer, and you’d moved on just enough to be able to revisit the place in order to recapture it in a scent...
So much has been made of perfume-as-Proustian-epiphany I sometimes wish that the young Marcel had never dipped his madeleine into his herbal tea… But the point is, he fished out his soggy piece of cake from the cup and went on to build his cathedral of memory upon it: his flashback actually took him forward, into his future as the author of In Search of Lost Time.
Similarly, I imagine many perfumers are driven by the quest to recapture lost scents, the first words of their fragrant vocabulary…
Thus, if Marc-Antoine Corticchiato’s first scent, Eau de Gloire, was a tribute to his family’s roots in Corsica, like many islanders he then set off for the farthest destinations with his next compositions. With the thirteenth, he’s come home at last.
Azemour is a tribute to his parents’ orange groves on the Atlantic coast of Morocco, by the estuary of the Oum Er r’Bia wadi; it is named after the ancient city of Azemmour. Like all of Corticchiato’s work, it is a robust, colour-saturated composition: a powerful citrus chypre with an almost chewable quality, as though you’d bitten into an orange without peeling it, and caught a mouthful of bitter essential oil along with the juicy flesh.
Like the orange tree in springtime that carries both last year’s fruit and this year’s flowers, Azemour draws on everything the tree gives to perfumery: the fruit, the blossom, the leaves, the twigs… But as Corticchiato tugs on that tree to bring back his memories, it is not only the roots – his roots – but the entire landscape he carries off.
The dried grass at the foot of the trees and growing in the dunes, conjured with oak moss, henna (which smells a bit like tea, grass and maté) and a delicately sweet hay absolute. But also the sea-spray: oak moss carries faint iodic notes, but an algae absolute was also added for a marine (but most emphatically not aquatic) effect… In fact, the overlaying of citruses with these briny facets produces the savoury effect of the preserved lemons used to prepare the traditional Moroccan tajine.
But though Azemour is sprinkled with spices (coriander, cumin, pink and black pepper – quite a bit of the latter) it never comes off as foody. Chypres never do, and with it salty-mossy, tear-streaked base, Azemour is much more of a chypre than a sunny citrus scent.
This perfume-as-landscape is made all the more poignant by its author’s personal history, but like all perfumes, it leaves enough space to write in your own…
When it pre-premiered in July in a lovely, tiny boutique in Le Marais, Marie-Antoinette, I stepped in for the owner who was having a bit of struggle with the English language to present the Parfum d’Empire line to a lovely Californian lady and her teenage daughter. As soon as I mentioned an orange grove, their faces lit up: they lived near an orange grove, and, yes, they recognized the smells. And for a moment, through the scented memories of an exile, these two charming tourists were home again. The bottle, needless to say, went with them.
I am a writer and translator based in Ottawa, as well as the perfume editor for Citizen K and a writer for NEZ, the olfactive magazine. My book The Perfume Lover, A Personal History of Scent is published by Harper Collins (UK), St. Martin's Press (USA) and Penguin (Canada). The perfume linked to the book,Séville à l'aube, was composed by Bertrand Duchaufour for L'Artisan Parfumeur.
Copyright/ Tous droits réservés 2008 Denyse Beaulieu
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